Purpose: To investigate the donor chimerism changes and curative effects associated with the use of autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) presenting with a low donor chimerism level and relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT).
Methods: Nine patients with B-ALL showing low donor chimerism level and relapse after allo-HSCT were enrolled. Patients 1– 3 received CD19 CAR-T cell therapy using cells derived from autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (comprising a mixture of patient and original donor cells) as their donors could not provide PBMCs. Samples from the other six patients (Patients A–F) were investigated only in vitro. The changes in the degree of donor chimerism, function of the CD19 CAR-T cells and T cells in all nine patients were analyzed in vitro. The therapeutic effects and adverse events (AEs) were also evaluated in Patients 1– 3.
Results: The CAR-T cells and T cells in all nine patients showed complete donor chimerism restoration following a 12-day culture period in vitro. These CD19 CAR-T cells demonstrated strong cytotoxicity towards Nalm 6 cells in vitro except in patients 3 and D. In the latter patients, the absolute numbers of all subsets, especially the CD8 + T-cell absolute numbers in peripheral blood were very low. Patients 3 and D showed relatively short durations from transplant to recurrence and received chemotherapy after relapse. In the patients receiving CD19 CAR-T cell therapy, the most commonly observed AE was grade 1 to 2 cytokine release syndrome. None of the cases showed acute graft-versus-host disease during treatment. Patients 1 and 2 achieved complete response with complete restoration of donor chimerism. Patient 3, who received the same CD19 CAR-T cell therapy, did not respond to this therapy.
Conclusion: CD19 CAR-T cells derived from patients relapsed after allo-HSCT with a low level of donor chimerism were effective for salvage therapy and could restore to complete donor chimerism after 12 days’ culture in vitro.
Trial Registration: Humanized CD19 CAR-T cell therapy for relapse or refractory B-cell lymphoma or acute B lymphocytic leukemia, ChiCTR1800019622, Registered 24 November 2018, http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx.
Keywords: chimeric antigen receptor, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, relapse, donor chimerism