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已发表论文
细胞外囊泡与调节性 T 细胞在癌症中的相互作用：从交互到治疗潜力
Authors Liu D, Hao Z, He G, Huang Y
Received 22 August 2025
Accepted for publication 20 November 2025
Published 8 December 2025 Volume 2025:20 Pages 14643—14665
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S562593
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 3
Editor who approved publication: Professor Lijie Grace Zhang
Di Liu,1,* Zhixiong Hao,2,* Guangpeng He,2 Ye Huang3
1Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Ye Huang, Email huangy1@jzmu.edu.cn Guangpeng He, Email heguangpeng1997@163.com
Abstract: Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) play a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance and regulating immune responses, especially in cancer, where their immunosuppressive function is highly significant. Treg cells accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (TME), interact with tumor cells and other immune cells, and suppress anti-tumor immunity through various mechanisms, including secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, direct contact with target cells, and depletion of key nutrients and signaling molecules. Regulating Treg cells has become a novel approach for enhancing cancer immunotherapy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane secreted by all cells and play an important role in tumor biology as communication mediators by transmitting proteins, RNA, and other bioactive molecules in TME. In the past years, an increasing amount of research has uncovered the effects of EVs on Treg in TME, greatly enriching our understanding of Treg in tumor progression. Additionally, due to the potential of EVs as “natural nanoparticles” for drug and gene delivery, targeting Treg via an EV-delivery system has become a hotspot. Therefore, we comprehensively summarized the updates on the effects of EVs on Treg in TME and EV-related therapy for tumor treatment.
Keywords: regulatory T cells, extracellular vesicle, tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy
1Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Ye Huang, Email huangy1@jzmu.edu.cn Guangpeng He, Email heguangpeng1997@163.com
Abstract: Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) play a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance and regulating immune responses, especially in cancer, where their immunosuppressive function is highly significant. Treg cells accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (TME), interact with tumor cells and other immune cells, and suppress anti-tumor immunity through various mechanisms, including secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, direct contact with target cells, and depletion of key nutrients and signaling molecules. Regulating Treg cells has become a novel approach for enhancing cancer immunotherapy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane secreted by all cells and play an important role in tumor biology as communication mediators by transmitting proteins, RNA, and other bioactive molecules in TME. In the past years, an increasing amount of research has uncovered the effects of EVs on Treg in TME, greatly enriching our understanding of Treg in tumor progression. Additionally, due to the potential of EVs as “natural nanoparticles” for drug and gene delivery, targeting Treg via an EV-delivery system has become a hotspot. Therefore, we comprehensively summarized the updates on the effects of EVs on Treg in TME and EV-related therapy for tumor treatment.
Keywords: regulatory T cells, extracellular vesicle, tumor microenvironment, immunotherapy