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已发表论文
纳米材料增强免疫疗法：推进基于 T 细胞的膀胱癌治疗
Authors Chen J , Fu Y, Zhang Z , Zhao J , Zuo J, Ye X, Xiong Q, Nie Z, Dong H, Shi H, Tan Z , Wang C, Chen B, Wang Z, Li X, Chen P, Wang H, Fu S
Received 3 August 2025
Accepted for publication 1 December 2025
Published 18 December 2025 Volume 2025:20 Pages 15235—15275
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S557690
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Prof. Dr. Anderson Oliveira Lobo
Junhao Chen,1,* Yuanzhi Fu,2,* Zhongsong Zhang,3,* Junxian Zhao,4,* Jieming Zuo,1,* Xinni Ye,1 Qiao Xiong,1 Zuqing Nie,5 Haonan Dong,1 Hongjin Shi,1 Zhiyong Tan,1 Chengjie Wang,6 Bo Chen,7 Zhengyan Wang,8 Xiangyun Li,1 Peng Chen,1 Haifeng Wang,1 Shi Fu1
1Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610550, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Urology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Central Lab, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 6School of Stomatology, Xinjiang Second Medical College, Karamay, People’s Republic of China; 7Department of Urology, Qujing Second People’s Hospital, Qujing, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 8Department of Urology, Honghe Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University/South Yunnan Central Hospital of Yunnan Province (The First People’s Hospital of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture), Honghe, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Haifeng Wang, Email wanghaifeng@kmmu.edu.cn Shi Fu, Email fushi@kmmu.edu.cn
Abstract: Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent urinary malignancy characterized by high recurrence rates and suboptimal long-term outcomes from traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. T-cell-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach, harnessing T cells’ capacity to target and destroy tumor cells, yet it faces challenges from the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), immune evasion, and T-cell exhaustion. Nanomaterials offer innovative solutions by enabling targeted delivery of antigens, checkpoint inhibitors, and immunomodulators; remodeling the TME through metabolic interventions (eg, hypoxia alleviation and adenosine reduction); and enhancing T-cell infiltration and persistence with stimulus-responsive systems like pH-sensitive nanoparticles and biomimetic vesicles. This review systematically examines nanomaterial integration to amplify T-cell-mediated immunity in BC, covering T-cell origins, differentiation (eg, CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper subsets), roles in the TME, and exhaustion mechanisms driven by factors like PD-1 and TOX. We discuss key strategies including direct immune enhancement via immunogenic cell death induction, metabolic reprogramming to optimize T-cell function, and sustained activation for improved persistence. In conclusion, these nanomaterial-enhanced therapies address critical barriers, promoting precise and synergistic immune responses. Future prospects highlight AI-driven designs, personalized medicine, and clinical translation to tackle heterogeneity, biosafety, and resistance for durable BC remission.
Keywords: bladder cancer, T cell, immunotherapy, nanotechnology, nanomaterials, precision medicine
1Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Clinical Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610550, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Urology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Central Lab, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 6School of Stomatology, Xinjiang Second Medical College, Karamay, People’s Republic of China; 7Department of Urology, Qujing Second People’s Hospital, Qujing, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 8Department of Urology, Honghe Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University/South Yunnan Central Hospital of Yunnan Province (The First People’s Hospital of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture), Honghe, China; Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Haifeng Wang, Email wanghaifeng@kmmu.edu.cn Shi Fu, Email fushi@kmmu.edu.cn
Abstract: Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent urinary malignancy characterized by high recurrence rates and suboptimal long-term outcomes from traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. T-cell-based immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach, harnessing T cells’ capacity to target and destroy tumor cells, yet it faces challenges from the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), immune evasion, and T-cell exhaustion. Nanomaterials offer innovative solutions by enabling targeted delivery of antigens, checkpoint inhibitors, and immunomodulators; remodeling the TME through metabolic interventions (eg, hypoxia alleviation and adenosine reduction); and enhancing T-cell infiltration and persistence with stimulus-responsive systems like pH-sensitive nanoparticles and biomimetic vesicles. This review systematically examines nanomaterial integration to amplify T-cell-mediated immunity in BC, covering T-cell origins, differentiation (eg, CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper subsets), roles in the TME, and exhaustion mechanisms driven by factors like PD-1 and TOX. We discuss key strategies including direct immune enhancement via immunogenic cell death induction, metabolic reprogramming to optimize T-cell function, and sustained activation for improved persistence. In conclusion, these nanomaterial-enhanced therapies address critical barriers, promoting precise and synergistic immune responses. Future prospects highlight AI-driven designs, personalized medicine, and clinical translation to tackle heterogeneity, biosafety, and resistance for durable BC remission.
Keywords: bladder cancer, T cell, immunotherapy, nanotechnology, nanomaterials, precision medicine