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已发表论文
金黄色葡萄球菌感染中巨噬细胞极化机制及靶向治疗研究进展
Authors Yan W, Li X , Xu S, Pan H, Wang B, Zeng Z, Shi Y
Received 1 September 2025
Accepted for publication 14 November 2025
Published 16 December 2025 Volume 2025:18 Pages 6655—6671
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S551067
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Dr Hazrat Bilal
Wentong Yan,1,* Xupeng Li,1,* Sen Xu,1 Haibang Pan,1,2 Bo Wang,3 Zhaoyang Zeng,2 Yuhong Shi2
1First Clinical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China; 2Affiliated Hospital, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Nursing, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Haibang Pan, First Clinical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China, Email phbwbo@163.com
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically prevalent, Gram-positive pathogen that can cause multiple severe infections. Macrophage polarization plays a central role in host defense and inflammatory regulation, with its M1/M2 dynamic equilibrium directly determining infection outcomes. The M1 phenotype eliminates pathogens through pro-inflammatory responses in the early phase, but excessive activation readily leads to tissue damage. In contrast, the M2 phenotype suppresses inflammation and promotes healing during the repair phase, although it may become a pathogen refuge in chronic infections. Recent studies have elucidated the roles of PAMPs, virulence factors, immunometabolism, and epigenetics in regulating polarization and have explored intervention strategies involving stem cells, exosomes, nanodelivery, novel formulations, and natural medicines, offering new avenues to overcome antibiotic limitations. However, existing evidence remains confined to animal studies, and challenges related to polarization heterogeneity and clinical translation require urgent resolution. This review summarizes the mechanisms of macrophage polarization and targeted therapeutic advances in the context of S. aureus infection, aiming to provide insights for immune interventions against drug-resistant infections.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, macrophage polarization, immune regulation, drug-resistant infection, targeted therapy
1First Clinical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China; 2Affiliated Hospital, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Nursing, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Haibang Pan, First Clinical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, People’s Republic of China, Email phbwbo@163.com
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically prevalent, Gram-positive pathogen that can cause multiple severe infections. Macrophage polarization plays a central role in host defense and inflammatory regulation, with its M1/M2 dynamic equilibrium directly determining infection outcomes. The M1 phenotype eliminates pathogens through pro-inflammatory responses in the early phase, but excessive activation readily leads to tissue damage. In contrast, the M2 phenotype suppresses inflammation and promotes healing during the repair phase, although it may become a pathogen refuge in chronic infections. Recent studies have elucidated the roles of PAMPs, virulence factors, immunometabolism, and epigenetics in regulating polarization and have explored intervention strategies involving stem cells, exosomes, nanodelivery, novel formulations, and natural medicines, offering new avenues to overcome antibiotic limitations. However, existing evidence remains confined to animal studies, and challenges related to polarization heterogeneity and clinical translation require urgent resolution. This review summarizes the mechanisms of macrophage polarization and targeted therapeutic advances in the context of S. aureus infection, aiming to provide insights for immune interventions against drug-resistant infections.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, macrophage polarization, immune regulation, drug-resistant infection, targeted therapy