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已发表论文
纳米免疫调节剂引导巨噬细胞命运以促进周围神经修复：进展、挑战与转化前景
Authors Shi S , Yu X, Ou X, Wang Q, Hu D
Received 6 August 2025
Accepted for publication 17 December 2025
Published 8 January 2026 Volume 2026:21 558908
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S558908
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 3
Editor who approved publication: Dr Sachin Mali
Shaoyan Shi,1 Xingxing Yu,2 Xuehai Ou,1 Qian Wang,1 Dong Hu3
1Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xi’an Medical College, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
Correspondence: Dong Hu, Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710000, People’s Republic of China, Email mrhudong0502@163.com
Abstract: Peripheral nerve injury remains a major clinical challenge due to inefficient axonal regeneration and limited therapeutic options. As central regulators of the repair process, macrophages dynamically transition from a pro-inflammatory to a pro-regenerative phenotype, coordinating debris clearance, axonal regrowth, remyelination, and functional restoration. However, disruptions in macrophage polarization—particularly in aging or chronic injury contexts—compromise regenerative outcomes. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of nano-immunomodulatory strategies designed to precisely direct macrophage fate for targeted peripheral nerve repair. Engineered organic, inorganic, and topography-guided nanoparticles provide spatiotemporal control of macrophage behavior via surface modifications and responsive designs, enabling phenotype reprogramming, microenvironment remodeling, and synergistic interactions with Schwann cells and regenerating axons. To present a balanced perspective, we also highlight key translational barriers—including long-term biocompatibility, immune safety, large-scale manufacturing, and regulatory challenges—that currently limit clinical application. This review highlights nano-immunomodulation as a promising approach for modulating immune-neural interfaces, offering a path toward precision therapies for peripheral nerve injury.
Keywords: peripheral nerve injury, nanonedicine, macrophage, precision therapy, immune
1Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xi’an Medical College, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
Correspondence: Dong Hu, Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710000, People’s Republic of China, Email mrhudong0502@163.com
Abstract: Peripheral nerve injury remains a major clinical challenge due to inefficient axonal regeneration and limited therapeutic options. As central regulators of the repair process, macrophages dynamically transition from a pro-inflammatory to a pro-regenerative phenotype, coordinating debris clearance, axonal regrowth, remyelination, and functional restoration. However, disruptions in macrophage polarization—particularly in aging or chronic injury contexts—compromise regenerative outcomes. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of nano-immunomodulatory strategies designed to precisely direct macrophage fate for targeted peripheral nerve repair. Engineered organic, inorganic, and topography-guided nanoparticles provide spatiotemporal control of macrophage behavior via surface modifications and responsive designs, enabling phenotype reprogramming, microenvironment remodeling, and synergistic interactions with Schwann cells and regenerating axons. To present a balanced perspective, we also highlight key translational barriers—including long-term biocompatibility, immune safety, large-scale manufacturing, and regulatory challenges—that currently limit clinical application. This review highlights nano-immunomodulation as a promising approach for modulating immune-neural interfaces, offering a path toward precision therapies for peripheral nerve injury.
Keywords: peripheral nerve injury, nanonedicine, macrophage, precision therapy, immune