Introduction: Melanoma is a common skin cancer that is usually associated with poor clinical outcomes. Recently, the immune checkpoint GITR has been identified as a promising target for immunotherapy of melanoma. In this study, we aimed to investigate the post-translational regulation mechanism of GITR in melanoma.
Methods: Western blotting was used to evaluate the protein expression of NEDD4, GITR and Foxp3. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to determine expression levels of NEDD4, GITR, Foxp3 and IL-2. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay. The ubiquitination of GITR was evaluated by immunoprecipitation. NEDD4 expression data and melanoma survival data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and cBioPortal databases.
Results: We demonstrate that E3 ligase NEDD4 binds to GITR and mediates ubiquitination and degradation of GITR. Overexpression of NEDD4 inhibits anti-tumor immunity mediated by T cells against melanoma cells. We also found that the expression of NEDD4 is increased in metastatic melanoma. High NEDD4 expression level is correlated with the poor prognosis of melanoma patients.
Discussion: In summary, our findings demonstrated that E3 ligase NEDD4 mediates ubiquitination and degradation of GITR and suppresses T-cell-mediated-killings on melanoma cells. Our work highlighted the E3 ligase NEDD4 as a novel prognosis biomarker and therapeutic target for melanoma.
Keywords: melanoma, glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor, GITR, neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4, NEDD4, ubiquitination