Background: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is the most common obstetric complication in current obstetrics in which the placenta is fully or partially attached to the uterine myometrial layer at delivery. This is commonly due to the deficiency of the uterine interface between the uterine endometrial and myometrial layers leading to abnormal decidualization at the uterine scar area, which permits the abnormally placental anchoring villous and trophoblasts, deeply invade the myometrium. The prevalence of PAS is globally at rising trends every day in modern obstetrics originally due to the high increasing rate of cesarean sections, placenta previa, and assisted reproductive technology (ART). Thus, the early and precise diagnosis of PAS is imperative to prevent maternal intrapartum or postpartum bleeding complications.
Objective: The main aim of this review is to debate the current challenges and controversies in the routine diagnosis of PAS diseases in obstetrics.
Data Source: We retrospectively reviewed the recent articles on different methods of diagnosing PAS in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, and other website databases.
Results: Despite that, the standard ultrasound is a reliable and key tool for the diagnosis of PAS, the lack of ultrasound features does not exclude the diagnosis of PAS. Therefore, clinical assessment of risk factors, MRI tests, serological markers, and placental histopathological tests are also indispensable for the prediction of PAS. Previously, limited studies reached a high sensitivity rate of diagnosis PAS in appropriate cases, while many studies recommended the inclusion of different diagnosis methods to improve the diagnosis accuracy.
Conclusion: A multidisciplinary squad with well-experienced obstetricians, radiologists, and histopathologists should be involved in the establishment of the early and conclusive diagnosis of PAS.
Keywords: placenta accreta spectrum, PAS, diagnosis, challenges and controversies, obstetrics, review