Purpose: Cancer tissue-specific and nuclei-targeted drug delivery is ideal for the delivery of chemotherapy. However, it has only been achieved in in vitro studies mainly due to low efficiency in vivo. In this study, we aimed to establish an efficient dual-targeted system that targets liver cancer tissue as well as the nuclei of cancer cells in vivo.
Methods: We first synthesized TAT peptide (TATp)-mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) complex (TATp-MSN) and generated liposomes that carried liver cancer-specific aptamer TLS11a (TLS11a-LB). We then generated the drug TLS11a-LB@TATp-MSN/doxorubicin (DOX) by mixing TLS11a-LB and DOX-loaded TATp-MSN. After physical and chemical characterization of the nanoparticles, DOX release from these formulations was evaluated at pH 5.0 and 7.4. Furthermore, we also evaluated nuclear localization and cytotoxicity of the drug in H22 cells in vitro and investigated the liver cancer targeting and antitumor activities of the nano-drug in vivo using a H22 tumor-bearing mice model.
Results: TLS11a-LB@TATp-MSN/DOX and its controls were confirmed as nano-drugs (< 100 nm) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The DOX release rate of TLS11a-LB@TATp-MSN/DOX was significantly faster at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.4. TLS11a-LB@TATp-MSN/DOX effectively targeted the nuclei of H22 cells and released DOX with a higher efficiency than that of the control groups. In addition, TLS11a-LB@TATp-MSN/DOX exhibited slight cytotoxicity, but not significantly more than controls. In vivo studies showed that TLS11a-LB@TATp-MSN accumulated in subcutaneous H22 tumors in the right axilla of BALB/c mice, reaching peak levels at 48 h after intravenous injection, respectively, and demonstrated that TLS11a-LB@TATp-MSN/DOX group enhanced tumor treatment efficacy while reducing systemic side effects.
Conclusion: TLS11a-LB@TATp-MSN/DOX can efficiently deliver DOX to the nuclei of liver cancer cells by dual targeting liver cancer tissue and the nuclei of the cancer cells in mice. Thus, it is a promising nano-drug for the treatment of liver cancer.
Keywords: targeted drug delivery, liver cancer treatment, MSN-based vehicles, doxorubicin, tissue- and nuclei-specific targeting