Objective: This study explored whether anticoagulation is safe for frail and non-frail elderly patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).
Methods: At hospital discharge, the anticoagulant regimen and frailty status were recorded for 361 elderly patients (aged ≥ 75 y) with NVAF. The patients were followed for 12 months. The endpoints included occurrence of thrombosis; bleeding; all-cause death; and cardiovascular events.
Results: At hospital discharge, frailty affected 50.42% of the population and the anticoagulation rate was 44.04%. At discharge, age (OR 0.948, P = 0.006), paroxysmal NVAF (OR 0.384, P < 0.001), and bleeding history (OR 0.396, P = 0.001) were associated with a decrease in rate of receiving anticoagulation, while thrombotic events during hospitalization (OR 2.281, P = 0.021) were associated with an increase. Relative to non-frail patients, those with frailty showed a higher rate of ischemic stroke (5.33% cf. 3.01%), bleeding (P = 0.006) events, and all-cause mortality (P = 0.001). Relative to the group without anticoagulation, in those with anticoagulation the rate of thrombotic events was lower (6.99 cf. 10.98%) and bleeding events were higher (20.98 cf. 12.72%), but the risk of major bleeding was comparable.
Conclusion: In the elderly patients with NVAF, the decision toward anticoagulation therapy at hospital discharge was influenced by age, bleeding history, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation diagnosis, and absence of thrombosis. Frail patients were at greater risk of bleeding and all-cause mortality. Anticoagulation tended to reduce the risk of thrombotic events.

Keywords: elderly, non-valvular atrial fibrillation, frailty, anticoagulation