Ling-ling Zhu,1 Yan-hong Wang,2 Jian-hua Feng,3 Quan Zhou2 

1VIP Geriatric Ward, Division of Nursing, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China

Correspondence: Quan Zhou, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road No. 88, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Email zhouquan142602@zju.edu.cn Jian-hua Feng, Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road No. 88, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Email hzhz87083886@zju.edu.cn

Background: Bacterial lysates are known for having immunomodulatory properties and have been used mainly for the prevention and treatment of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). However, rigorous studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of bacterial lysates with various bacterial antigen components, preparation methods, administration routes and course of treatment. OM-85, an oral standardized lysate prepared by alkaline lysis of 21 strains from 8 species of common respiratory tract pathogens, is indicated as immunotherapy for prevention of recurrent RTIs and acute infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. OM-85 acts on multiple innate and adaptive immune targets and can restore type 1 helper T (Th1)/Th2 balance. Sporadic studies have shown advances in pharmacology and therapeutics of OM-85, and thus an update review is necessary.
Methods: Literature was retrieved by searching PubMed, Web of science, Embase, CNKI, and Full Text Database of Chinese Medical Journals.
Results: New roles of OM-85 were discovered in prevention and treatment of lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, SARS-CoV-2 infection, allergic rhinitis, pulmonary fibrosis, atopic dermatitis, and nephrotic syndrome. Pharmacoeconomic values of OM-85 were demonstrated in prophylaxis and treatment of RTIs, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, chronic bronchitis, rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Two consecutive courses of OM-85 (6 or 12 months apart) could prevent recurrent RTIs in children. Maternal OM-85 treatment could offer benefits for offspring. Product-specific response was observed. The efficacy of OM-85 may be associated with patient’s characteristics (eg, severity of the disease, age, immune response pattern, malignancy risk stratification).
Conclusion: OM-85 can improve effectiveness of standard care for some primary diseases, and carry significant pharmacoeconomic implications. The benefits shown by OM-85 in vitro and in vivo, when extrapolated to humans, are exciting but also require caution. Individualized treatment may need to be considered. It is necessary to compare the efficacy and safety of various bacterial lysate preparations.

Keywords: airway inflammatory disease, allergic diseases, bacterial lysates, immunomodulator, OM-85, pharmacoeconomic evaluation