Yang Gao,1 Weijia Peng,2 Xinjia Xi,1 Yaqing Gan,1 Yang Shen3 

1School of Public Management, Northwest University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Correspondence: Yang Shen, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15210589004, Email shenyang@bnu.edu.cn

Purpose: This study explored how individuals cope with self-uncertainty by subconsciously affiliating with groups. Specifically, we investigated whether this affiliation is driven by avoiding isolation rather than pursuing group identity or entitativity.
Methods: In Study 1, we recruited 50 undergraduate students and employed the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) to measure implicit attitudes toward affiliation and isolation after inducing self-uncertainty. In Study 2, 70 participants were presented with images of abstract human avatars representing different group sizes to assess their preference for group affiliation under conditions of induced self-uncertainty.
Results: Study 1 revealed that individuals experiencing self-uncertainty exhibited a significantly more negative implicit attitude towards isolation than affiliation, with no significant positive shift towards group affiliation. Study 2 further supported these findings by demonstrating a pronounced tendency for self-uncertain individuals to prefer larger, cohesive groups (affiliation) and to report greater feelings of safety within such groups, indicating avoidance of isolation as a critical driver.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that individuals experiencing self-uncertainty instinctively seek refuge in groups as a defense mechanism against isolation rather than for identity validation. This avoidance-oriented affiliation underscores a fundamental psychological process for managing self-uncertainty, highlighting the importance of social proximity in alleviating feelings of insecurity.

Keywords: self-uncertainty, affiliation, avoidance-oriented, fundamental defense