Deshan Liu,1,* Xiuchai Gao,2,* Yifen Zhuo,3,* Wanjie Cheng,4 Ying Yang,4 Xiaoyan Wu,4 Huobao Yang,5 Yusheng Yao4,5 

1Department of Neurology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Xiapu County Hospital, Xiapu, Fujian, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Anesthesiology, Xiamen Haicang Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China; 5Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

*These authors contributed equally to this work

Correspondence: Huobao Yang; Yusheng Yao, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, 134 Dongjie Street, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, People’s Republic of China, Email paulyang003@fjmu.edu.cn; fjslyys@126.com

Purpose: While esketamine shows promise as an adjunct in procedural sedation, its impact on postoperative cognitive recovery remains incompletely characterized. This study investigated the effects of esketamine on multiple dimensions of recovery, particularly cognition, in patients undergoing colonoscopy with propofol-based sedation.
Patients and Methods: We conducted this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial from January 6, 2023, to May 20, 2024, at two hospitals in China. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either esketamine 0.2 mg/kg (n = 126) or placebo (n = 126), followed by propofol 1 mg/kg. We administered additional propofol boluses (0.5 mg/kg) to maintain sedation. The study assessed cognitive recovery on postoperative day 3 as the primary outcome, measured by the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale (PostopQRS). Secondary outcomes included overall recovery, recovery in other PostopQRS domains, time to discharge, and adverse events.
Results: Esketamine significantly enhanced cognitive recovery compared to placebo on postoperative day 3 (95.2% vs 83.3%, relative risk = 1.14; 95% confidence interval: 1.05– 1.25, P = 0.002). Discharge times were comparable between groups (odds ratio = 0.70; 95% confidence interval: 0.43– 1.16, P = 0.163). The esketamine group demonstrated higher satisfaction (P = 0.003) and significantly reduced incidences of hypotension (14.3% vs 36.5%, P < 0.001), bradycardia (5.6% vs 15.1%, P = 0.013), hypoxemia (2.4% vs 8.7%, P = 0.028), and injection site pain (21.4% vs 48.4%, P < 0.001).
Conclusion: Adding esketamine 0.2 mg/kg to propofol for colonoscopy sedation improved postoperative cognitive recovery, enhanced patient satisfaction, and reduced cardiopulmonary adverse events without prolonging discharge time. These findings establish low-dose esketamine as a beneficial adjunct to propofol in procedural sedation for colonoscopy.

Keywords: cognitive recovery, colonoscopy, esketamine, Propofol, procedural sedation, quality of recovery