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已发表论文
一项前瞻性随机试验：比较氢吗啡酮与纳布啡用于剖宫产术后患者自控镇痛的效果，并建立镇痛不足风险预测模型
Authors Zhang K , Sun J, Zhang C, Jiao B, Zhang W, Yu S, Cao X, Zhou Z, Zhang G, Zhang X
Received 2 July 2025
Accepted for publication 26 October 2025
Published 1 November 2025 Volume 2025:19 Pages 9759—9778
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S551186
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 4
Editor who approved publication: Prof. Dr. Tin Wui Wong
Kaiwen Zhang,1,* Jiaoli Sun,1,* Caixia Zhang,2 Bo Jiao,1 Wencui Zhang,1 Shangchen Yu,1 Xueqin Cao,1 Zhiqiang Zhou,1 Guanglei Zhang,1 Xianwei Zhang1
1Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Guanglei Zhang, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, People’s Republic of China, Email zsytd528@163.com Xianwei Zhang, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, People’s Republic of China, Email ourpain@163.com
Purpose: Effective postoperative analgesia is essential for maternal recovery following cesarean delivery. Hydromorphone and nalbuphine are commonly used opioids with differing pharmacologic properties, but direct comparisons in postcesarean patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) are limited. This study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of hydromorphone versus nalbuphine and to develop a predictive model for inadequate analgesia.
Patients and Methods: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial conducted from December 2024 to March 2025, 212 women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were randomized (1:1) to receive hydromorphone (0.1 mg/mL) or nalbuphine (1 mg/mL) via standardized intravenous PCA. The primary outcome was the incidence of inadequate analgesia within 24 hours, defined as a numerical rating scale (NRS) score ≥ 4 at rest or during movement. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, PCA consumption, and recovery indicators. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of inadequate analgesia, and a nomogram was constructed and internally validated.
Results: Nalbuphine was associated with a significantly lower incidence of inadequate analgesia than hydromorphone (14.2% vs 26.4%; P = 0.026), as well as reduced nausea and vomiting (18.9% vs 32.1%; P = 0.001) and pruritus (0% vs 5.7%; P = 0.029). Independent predictors of inadequate analgesia included PCA regimen (OR, 0.30; P = 0.026), gestational diabetes mellitus (OR, 4.40; P = 0.007), blood type AB (OR, 3.80; P = 0.043), and preoperative anxiety (OR, 0.20; P = 0.044). The predictive model showed good discrimination (AUC = 0.754).
Conclusion: Nalbuphine demonstrated superior analgesia and fewer adverse effects compared with hydromorphone for postcesarean PCA. The developed predictive model may support individualized pain management by identifying patients at risk for inadequate analgesia.
Keywords: postoperative analgesia, patient-controlled analgesia, hydromorphone, nalbuphine, predictive model
1Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Guanglei Zhang, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, People’s Republic of China, Email zsytd528@163.com Xianwei Zhang, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, People’s Republic of China, Email ourpain@163.com
Purpose: Effective postoperative analgesia is essential for maternal recovery following cesarean delivery. Hydromorphone and nalbuphine are commonly used opioids with differing pharmacologic properties, but direct comparisons in postcesarean patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) are limited. This study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of hydromorphone versus nalbuphine and to develop a predictive model for inadequate analgesia.
Patients and Methods: In this prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial conducted from December 2024 to March 2025, 212 women undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were randomized (1:1) to receive hydromorphone (0.1 mg/mL) or nalbuphine (1 mg/mL) via standardized intravenous PCA. The primary outcome was the incidence of inadequate analgesia within 24 hours, defined as a numerical rating scale (NRS) score ≥ 4 at rest or during movement. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, PCA consumption, and recovery indicators. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of inadequate analgesia, and a nomogram was constructed and internally validated.
Results: Nalbuphine was associated with a significantly lower incidence of inadequate analgesia than hydromorphone (14.2% vs 26.4%; P = 0.026), as well as reduced nausea and vomiting (18.9% vs 32.1%; P = 0.001) and pruritus (0% vs 5.7%; P = 0.029). Independent predictors of inadequate analgesia included PCA regimen (OR, 0.30; P = 0.026), gestational diabetes mellitus (OR, 4.40; P = 0.007), blood type AB (OR, 3.80; P = 0.043), and preoperative anxiety (OR, 0.20; P = 0.044). The predictive model showed good discrimination (AUC = 0.754).
Conclusion: Nalbuphine demonstrated superior analgesia and fewer adverse effects compared with hydromorphone for postcesarean PCA. The developed predictive model may support individualized pain management by identifying patients at risk for inadequate analgesia.
Keywords: postoperative analgesia, patient-controlled analgesia, hydromorphone, nalbuphine, predictive model