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已发表论文
2 型糖尿病患者早期糖尿病视网膜病变中维生素 D 与微血管变化之间的关联
Authors Wei Z , Wang K , Liu Y, Liu P, Tang Y, Chen L , Hou X , Yan F
Received 26 August 2025
Accepted for publication 31 October 2025
Published 8 November 2025 Volume 2025:18 Pages 4085—4095
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S562924
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Dr Rebecca Baqiyyah Conway
Zichun Wei,1– 3,* Kewei Wang,1,2,* Yingqi Liu,1,2 Pan Liu,4 Yuqin Tang,5 Li Chen,1,2 Xinguo Hou,1,2 Fei Yan1,2
1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China; 2Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Spatiotemporal Regulation and Precision Intervention in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China; 3University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, 266071, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Endocrinology, Tai’an City Central Hospital, Shandong, 271000, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Endocrinology, Yiyuan County People’s Hospital, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Fei Yan, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8618560088310, Email yfddbest@163.com
Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a prevalent microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Current research indicates that the association between Vitamin D and diabetic retinopathy, particularly in the early stages, remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted this research to explore the correlation between vitamin D levels and microvascular alterations in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) patients utilizing optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).
Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 286 eyes from 150 subjects with NPDR, with or without diabetic retinopathy. All participants underwent OCTA examinations to assess retinal vessel density (VD), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, and retinal thickness. The relationships between vitamin D levels and OCTA-derived parameters were analyzed through multiple regression analyses.
Results: Our analysis revealed a notable decline in retinal vessel density linked to vitamin D deficiency. The superficial vascular complex and the deep vascular complex exhibited reduced vessel density associated with lower vitamin D levels. Additionally, an increase in parathyroid hormone levels significantly correlated with an enlargement of the FAZ area. Vitamin D deficiency was an independent factor in retinal microvascular pathology in T2DM, as evaluated by OCTA.
Conclusion: Individuals with T2DM and vitamin D deficiency were highly recommended to undergo regular ophthalmic screenings to monitor retinal health.
Keywords: diabetic retinopathy, optical coherence tomography angiography, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, diabetes mellitus
1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China; 2Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Spatiotemporal Regulation and Precision Intervention in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China; 3University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, 266071, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Endocrinology, Tai’an City Central Hospital, Shandong, 271000, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Endocrinology, Yiyuan County People’s Hospital, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
*These authors contributed equally to this work
Correspondence: Fei Yan, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8618560088310, Email yfddbest@163.com
Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a prevalent microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Current research indicates that the association between Vitamin D and diabetic retinopathy, particularly in the early stages, remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted this research to explore the correlation between vitamin D levels and microvascular alterations in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) patients utilizing optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).
Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 286 eyes from 150 subjects with NPDR, with or without diabetic retinopathy. All participants underwent OCTA examinations to assess retinal vessel density (VD), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, and retinal thickness. The relationships between vitamin D levels and OCTA-derived parameters were analyzed through multiple regression analyses.
Results: Our analysis revealed a notable decline in retinal vessel density linked to vitamin D deficiency. The superficial vascular complex and the deep vascular complex exhibited reduced vessel density associated with lower vitamin D levels. Additionally, an increase in parathyroid hormone levels significantly correlated with an enlargement of the FAZ area. Vitamin D deficiency was an independent factor in retinal microvascular pathology in T2DM, as evaluated by OCTA.
Conclusion: Individuals with T2DM and vitamin D deficiency were highly recommended to undergo regular ophthalmic screenings to monitor retinal health.
Keywords: diabetic retinopathy, optical coherence tomography angiography, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, diabetes mellitus